ABSTRACT
Background: The incidence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) among healthcare workers (HCWs) is widespread. It is important to understand COVID-19 characteristics among HCWs before and after vaccination. We evaluated the incidence of COVID-19 among HCWs in East Java, Indonesia comparing the characteristics of the disease between the pre- vs post-vaccination periods. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted among HCWs in two major hospitals in East Java, Indonesia, between April 01, 2020, and Oct 31, 2021. All HCWs were offered vaccination with inactivated viral vaccine (CoronaVac) from Jan 15, 2021. Therefore, we divided the time of the study into the pre-vaccination period (between April 01, 2020, and Jan 14, 2021) and post-vaccination period (between Jan 15 and Oct 31, 2021). We then compared the pattern of COVID-19 infections, and hospitalisations between these periods. Findings: A total of 434 (15.1%) and 649 (22.6%) SARS-CoV-2 infections were reported among study participants (n = 2878) during the pre-vaccination and post-vaccination periods, respectively. The vaccine effectiveness was 73.3% during the first 3-4 months after vaccination but this decreased to 17.6% at 6-7 months after vaccination, which coincided with the emergence of the delta variant. The overall hospitalisation rate was reduced from 23.5% in the pre-vaccination period to 14.3% in the post-vaccination period. Hypertension appeared to be the strongest risk factor affecting hospitalisation in the pre-vaccination period. However, the risk due to hypertension was reduced in the post-vaccination period. Interpretation: The risk to contract COVID-19 remains high among HCWs in East Java, Indonesia. Vaccination is important to reduce infection and hospitalisation. It is essentially important to evaluate the characteristics of COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, the impact of co-morbidities and vaccine effectiveness in order to improve the measures applied in protecting HCWs during the pandemic. Funding: Mandate Research Grant No:1043/UN3.15/PT/2021, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
Background: Micropenis usually has a series of causative factors that must be identified to determine the treatment modality. Case presentation: A 24-years-old Indonesian male complained of a small penis since infancy. The patient has a short penis size (3 cm), no pubic hair, small scrotum, both testes cannot hide palpable, and tanner scale 2. The hormonal examination includes testosterone hormone of 14.94 ng/dL, luteinizing hormone of 14.89 mUI/mL, and follicle-stimulating hormone of 67.51 mUI/mL. Ultrasound showed no testicular location and only a prostate-like appearance of a size of 0.6 × 2.07 cm on the abdomen. The patient will receive therapy but was constrained by the COVID-19 pandemic. Discussion: diagnosis of micropenis and gonadotropin hormone disorders must be detected early and receive treatment immediately for better results. Conclusion: Micropenis is a medical diagnosis that depends on proper examination and management, and early diagnosis is essential to improve prognosis.